8Identification_Information:  Citation:    Citation_Information:      Originator: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)      Publication_Date: 19990525      Title: Rhode Island Land Cover Data Set      Edition: 1      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data      Publication_Information:        Publication_Place: Sioux Falls, SD USA        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey      Online_Linkage:        http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/programs/lccp/nationallandcover.html  Description:    Abstract:      These data can be used in a geographic information system (GIS) for any      number of purposes such as assessing wildlife habitat, water quality,      pesticide runoff, land use change, etc. The state data sets are provided       with a 300 meter buffer beyond the state border to faciliate combining       the state files into larger regions.      The user must have a firm understanding of how the datasets were compiled and       the resulting limitations of these data.  The National Land Cover Dataset was       compiled from Landsat satellite TM imagery (circa 1992) with a spatial       resolution of 30 meters and supplemented by various ancillary data (where       available). The analysis and interpretation of the satellite imagery was       conducted using very large, sometimes multi-state image mosaics (i.e. up to       18 Landsat scenes). Using a relatively small number of aerial photographs for       'ground truth', the thematic interpretations were necessarily conducted from       a spatially-broad perspective.  Furthermore, the accuracy assessments (see       below) correspond to 'federal regions' which are groupings of contiguous states.        Thus, the reliability of the data is greatest at the state or multi-state level.       The statistical accuracy of the data is known only for the region.       Important Caution Advisory      With this in mind, users are cautioned to carefully scrutinize the data to      see if they are of sufficient reliability before attempting to use the      dataset for larger-scale or local analyses.  This evaluation must be made      remembering that the NLCD represents conditions in the early 1990s.             The Rhode Island portion of the NLCD was created as part of land cover      mapping activities for Federal Region I that includes the States of      Connecticut, Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and       Massachusetts.  The NLCD classification contains 21 different land cover       categories with a spatial resolution of 30 meters.  The NLCD was produced       as a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to produce a consistent, land       cover data layer for the conterminous U.S. using early 1990s Landsat       thematic mapper (TM) data purchased by the Multi-resolution Land       Characterization (MRLC) Consortium.  The MRLC Consortium is a partnership       of federal agencies that produce or use land cover data.  Partners include       the USGS (National Mapping, Biological Resources, and Water Resources       Divisions), USEPA, The U.S. Forest Service, and the National Oceanic and       Atmospheric Administration.    Purpose:      The main objective of this project was to generate a generalized      and nationally consistent land cover data layer for the entire      conterminous United States.  These data can be used as a layer in      a geographic information system (GIS) for any number of purposes      such assessing wildlife habitat, water quality and pesticide runoff,      land use change, etc.    Supplemental_Information:      The land cover data files are provided as a 'Geo-TIFF'(on CDROM) or 8 bit      binary files (from FTP site).   The land cover data sets are single band       raster images.  The X/Y corner coordinates of Rhode Island are 1968930/      2374110 (project meters, center of Upper Left pixel).Spatial-specific information not available  Time_Period_of_Content:    Time_Period_Information:      Range_of_Dates/Times:        Beginning_Date: 1990        Ending_Date: 1993    Currentness_Reference: ground condition  Status:    Progress: Complete    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: As needed  Spatial_Domain:    Bounding_Coordinates:      West_Bounding_Coordinate:-71.6568950804431      East_Bounding_Coordinate:-71.1322590555568      North_Bounding_Coordinate:41.8593164625409      South_Bounding_Coordinate:41.5046376091094Keywords:    Theme:      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None      Theme_Keyword: Land Use/Land Cover      Theme_Keyword: Land Management      Theme_Keyword: Land Resources      Theme_Keyword: EDC      Theme_Keyword: EPA      Theme_Keyword: EROS      Theme_Keyword: Imagery      Theme_Keyword: Land Characterization      Theme_Keyword: Land Cover      Theme_Keyword: Landsat      Theme_Keyword: MRLC      Theme_Keyword: Remote Sensing      Theme_Keyword: Satellite      Theme_Keyword: Space Imaging      Theme_Keyword: USGS    Place:      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:        U.S. Department of Commerce, 1977, Countries, dependencies, areas        of special sovereignty, and their principal administrative divisions        (Federal Information Processing Standard 10-3):Washington, D.C.,        National Institute of Standards and Technology.      Place_Keyword: North America      Place_Keyword: United States of America    Place:      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus:        U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of        the States, the District of Columbia, and the outlying areas of the        United States and associated areas Federal Information Processing        Standard 5-20; Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards        and Technology.      Place_Keyword: Rhode Island      Place_Keyword: RI  Access_Constraints: None.  Use_Constraints:    None. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey would be    appreciated in products derived from these data.  Point_of_Contact:    Contact_Information:      Contact_Organization_Primary:        Contact_Organization:          U.S. Geological Survey          EROS Data Center      Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative      Contact_Address:        Address_Type: mailing and physical address        Address: U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center        City: Sioux Falls        State_or_Province: SD        Postal_Code: 57198        Country: USA      Contact_Voice_Telephone: (605) 594-6151      Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: (605) 594-6933      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (605) 594-6589      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: CUSTSERV@EDCMAIL.CR.USGS.GOV  Data_Set_Credit:    This work was performed by the Raytheon STX Corporation under    U.S. Geological Survey Contract 1434-92-C-40004.Data_Quality_Information:  Attribute_Accuracy:    Attribute_Accuracy_Report:      An accuracy assessment is done on all NLCD on a Federal Region basis      following a revision cycle that incorporates feedback from MRLC      Consortium partners and affiliated users.  The accuracy assessments      are conducted by private sector vendors under contract to the USEPA.      A protocol has been established by the USGS and USEPA that incorporates      a two-stage, geographically stratified cluster sampling plan (Zhu et      al., 1999) utilizing National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP)      photographs as the sampling frame and the basic sampling unit.  In      this design a NAPP photograph is defined as a 1st stage or primary      sampling unit (PSU), and a sampled pixel within each PSU is treated      as a 2nd stage or secondary sampling unit (SSU).          PSU's are selected from a sampling grid based on NAPP flight-lines and      photo centers, each grid cell measures 15' X 15' (minutes of      latitude/longitude) and consists of 32 NHAP photographs.  A geographically      stratified random sampling is performed with 1 NAPP photo being randomly      selected from each cell (geographic strata), if a sampled photo falls      outside of the regional boundary it is not used.  Second stage sampling      is accomplished by selecting SSU's (pixels) within each PSU (NAPP photo)      to provide the actual locations for the reference land cover      classification.       The SSU's are manually interpreted and misclassification errors are      estimated and described using a traditional error matrix as well as a      number of other important measures including the overall proportion of      pixels correctly classified, user's and producer's accuracy's, and      omission and commission error probabilities.        At the time of CD release (Summer 2000), the accuracy assessment was not      complete.  For the Region I accuracy assessment, please check the NLCD      Website: http://edcwww.usgs.gov/programs/lccp/nationallandcover.html.      The accuracy assessment numbers will be posted there around September,      2000.      While we believe that the approach taken has yielded a very good      general land cover classification product for Region I,      it is important to indicate to the user where there might be some      potential problems. The biggest concerns for Region I are listed below:      1) Accurate definition of the transitional barren class was extremely      difficult.  The majority of pixels in this class correspond to clear-cut      forests in various stages of regrowth.  Spectrally, fresh clear-cuts are      very similar to row-crops in the leaves-off data.  Manual correction of      coding errors was performed to improve differentiation between row-crops      and clear-cuts, but some errors may still be found.  As regrowth occurs      in a clear-cut region, the definition of transitional barren versus a      forested class becomes problematic.  An attempt was made to classify only      fresh clear-cuts or those in the earliest stages of regrowth, but there      are likely forested regions classed as transitional barren and vice versa.  Logical_Consistency_Report:    An unsupervised classification algorithm was used to classify the    mosaicked multiple leaf-off TM scenes.  Aerial photographs were    used to interpret and label classes into land cover categories and    ancillary data sources resolved the class confusion.  Further land    cover information from leaf-on TM data, NWI data, and other sources    were incorporated to refine and augment the "basic" classification.  Completeness_Report: All photo-interpretable data are mapped.  Positional_Accuracy:    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:        Each Landsat Thematic Mapper image used to create the NLCD was        precision terrain-corrected using 3-arc-second digital terrain        elevation data (DTED), and georegistered using ground control        points.  This resulted in a root mean square registration error        of less than 1 pixel (30 meters).  Lineage:    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux Falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 011/031      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19920415        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image1      Source_Contribution:        The image provides the base from which the        land cover classification is determined.    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux Falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 012/030      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19910404        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image2      Source_Contribution:        The image provides the base from which        the land cover classification is determined.    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux Falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 012/030      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19900503        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image3      Source_Contribution:        The image provides the base from which the        land cover classification is determined.    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux Falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 012/031      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19930425        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image4      Source_Contribution:        The image provides the base from which the        land cover classification is determined.    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux Falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 013/030      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19930502        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image5      Source_Contribution:        The image provides the base from which the        land cover classification is determined.    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux Falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Path/Row 013/031      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19930502        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image6      Source_Contribution:        The image provides the base from which the        land cover classification is determined.    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Leaf On Path/Row 011/031      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19910904        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image7      Source_Contribution:        The image provided the base from which the        land cover classification is determined.    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux Falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Leaf On Path/Row 012/030      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19930612        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image8      Source_Contribution:        The image provides the base from which the        land cover classification is determined.    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux Falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Leaf On Path/Row 012/031      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19910927        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image9      Source_Contribution:        The image provides the base from which the        land cover classification is determined.    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux Falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Leaf On Path/Row 013/030      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19920702        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image10      Source_Contribution:        The image provides the base from which the        land cover classification is determined.    Source_Information:      Source_Citation:        Citation_Information:          Originator:            U.S. Geological Survey            EROS Data Center          Publication_Date: unknown          Title: Landsat TM scene          Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: remote sensing image          Publication_Information:            Publication_Place:              Sioux Falls, SD 57198              USA            Publisher: EROS Data Center          Other_Citation_Details: Leaf On Path/Row 013/031      Type_of_Source_Media: raster digital data      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:        Time_Period_Information:          Single_Date/Time:            Calendar_Date: 19921006        Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: image11      Source_Contribution:        The image provides the base from which the        land cover classification is determined.    Process_Step:      Process_Description:        Land Cover Characterization:        The project is being carried out on the basis of 10 Federal Regions        that make up the conterminous United States; each region is comprised        of multiple states; each region is processed in subregional units        that are limited to the area covered by no more than 18 Landsat TM        scenes. The general NLCD procedure is to: (1) mosaic subregional TM        scenes and classify them using an unsupervised clustering algorithm,        (2) interpret and label the clusters/classes using aerial photographs        as reference data, (3) resolve the labeling of confused clusters/classes        using the appropriate  ancillary data source(s), and (4) incorporate        land cover information from other data sets and perform manual edits to        augment and refine the "basic" classification developed above.         Two seasonally distinct TM mosaics are produced, a leaves-on version        (summer) and a leaves-off (spring/fall) version.  TM bands 3, 4, 5,        and 7 are mosaicked for both the leaves-on and leaves-off versions.        For mosaick purposes, a base scene is selected for each mosaic and        the other scenes are adjusted to mimic spectral properties of the base        scene using histogram matching in regions of spatial overlap.        Following mosaicking, either the leaves-off version or leaves-on version        Is selected to be the "base" for the land cover mapping process.  The 4        TM bands of the "base" mosaic are clustered to produce a single 100-        class image using an unsupervised clustering algorithm. Each of the        spectrally distinct clusters/classes is then assigned to one or more        Anderson level 1 and 2 land cover classes using National High Altitude        Photography program (NHAP)and National Aerial Photography program        (NAPP) aerial photographs as a reference.  Almost invariably, individual        spectral clusters/classes are confused between two or more land cover        classes.        Separation of the confused spectral clusters/classes into appropriate        NLCD class is accomplished using ancillary data layers.  Standard        ancillary data layers include: the "non-base" mosaic TM bands and 100-        class cluster image; derived TM normalized vegetation index (NDVI),        various TM band ratios, TM date bands; 3-arc second Digital Terrain        Elevation Data (DTED) and derived slope, aspect and shaded relief;        population and housing density data; USGS land use and land cover        (LUDA); and National Wetlands Inventory(NWI) data if available. Other        ancillary data sources may include soils data, unique state or regional        land cover data sets, or data from other federal programs such as the        National Gap Analysis Program (GAP) of the USGS Biological Resources        Division (BRD).  For a given confused spectral cluster/class, digital        values of the various ancillary data layers are compared to determine:        (1) which data layers are the most effective for splitting the        confused cluster/class into the appropriate NLCD class, and (2) the        appropriate layer thresholds for making the split(s).  Models are then        developed using one to several ancillary data layers to split the        confused cluster/class into the NLCD class.  For example, a population        density threshold is used to separate high-intensity residential areas        from commercial/industrial/transportation.  Or a cluster/class might be        confused between row crop and grasslands.  To split this particular        cluster/class, a TM NDVI threshold might be identified and used with an        elevation threshold in a class-splitting model to make the appropriate        NLCD class assignments.  A purely spectral example is using the        temporally opposite TM layers to discriminate confused cluster/classes        such as hay pasture vs. row crops and deciduous forests vs. evergreen        forests; simple thresholds that contrast the seasonal differences in        vegetation between leaves-on vs. leaves-off.          Not all cluster/class confusion can be successfully modeled out.        Certain classes such as urban/recreational grasses or quarries/strip        mines/gravel pits that are not spectrally unique require manual editing.        These class features are typically visually identified and then        reclassified using on-screen digitizing and recoding.  Other classes        such as wetlands require the use of specific data sets such as NWI to        provide the most accurate classification.  Areas lacking NWI data are        typically subset out and modeling is used to estimate wetlands in these        localized areas.  The final NLCD product results from the classification        (interpretation and labeling) of the 100-class "base" cluster mosaic        using both automated and manual processes, incorporating both spectral        and conditional data layers.  For a more detailed explanation please        see Vogelmann et al. 1998 and Vogelmann et al. 1998.        Discussion:        While we believe that the approach taken has yielded a very good general        land cover classification product for the nation, it is important to        indicate to the user where there might be some potential problems.  The        biggest concerns are listed below:        1) Some of the TM data sets are not temporally ideal. Leaves-off data        sets are heavily relied upon for discriminating between hay/pasture and        row crop, and also for discriminating between forest classes.  The        success of discriminating between these classes using leaves-off data        sets hinges on the time of data acquisition.  When hay/pasture areas are        non-green, they are not easily distinguishable from other agricultural        areas using remotely sensed data.  However, there is a temporal window        during which hay and pasture areas green up before most other vegetation        (excluding evergreens, which have different spectral properties); during        this window these areas are easily distinguishable from other crop        areas. The discrimination between hay/pasture and deciduous forest is        likewise optimized by selecting data in a temporal window  where        deciduous vegetation has yet to leaf out. It is difficult to acquire a        single-date of imagery (leaves-on or leaves-off) that adequately        differentiates between both deciduous/hay and pasture and hay pasture        /row crop.                                         2) The data sets used cover a range of years (see data sources), and        changes that have taken place across the landscape over the time period        may not have been captured.  While this is not viewed as a major problem        for most classes, it is possible that some land cover features change        more rapidly than might be expected (e.g. hay one year, row crop the        next).        3)  Wetlands classes are extremely difficult to extract from Landsat TM        spectral information alone.  The  use of ancillary information such as        National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) data is highly desirable.  We relied        on GAP, LUDA, or proximity to streams and rivers as well as spectral        data to delineate wetlands in areas without NWI data.        4) Separation of natural grass and shrub is problematic. Areas observed        on the ground to be shrub or grass are not always distinguishable        spectrally. Likewise, there was often disagreement between LUDA and GAP        on these classes.         Acknowledgments        This work was performed under contract the U.S. Geological        Survey (Contract 1434-CR-97-CN-40274).         References        More detailed information on the methodologies and techniques employed        In this work can be found in the following:        Kelly, P.M., and White, J.M., 1993. Preprocessing remotely sensed data        for efficient analysis and classification, Applications of Artificial        Intelligence 1993: Knowledge-Based Systems in Aerospace and Industry,        Proceeding of SPIE, 1993, 24-30.         Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe, 1979.        Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States,        Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,        D.C.        Vogelmann, J.E., Sohl, T., and Howard, S.M., 1998. "Regional        Characterization of Land Cover Using Multiple Sources of Data."        Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, Vol. 64, No. 1,        pp. 45-47.        Vogelmann, J.E., Sohl, T., Campbell, P.V., and Shaw, D.M., 1998.        "Regional Land Cover Characterization Using Landsat Thematic Mapper        Data and Ancillary Data Sources." Environmental Monitoring and        Assessment, Vol. 51, pp. 415-428.          Zhu, Z., Yang, L., Stehman, S., and Czaplewski, R., 1999. "Designing an        Accuracy Assessment for USGS Regional Land Cover Mapping Program."        (In review) Photogrametric Engineering & Remote Sensing.          Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Landsat thematic mapper (TM)      Process_Date: 19990525      Process_Contact:        Contact_Information:          Contact_Organization_Primary:            Contact_Organization:              U.S. Geological Survey              EROS Data Center          Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative          Contact_Address:            Address_Type: mailing and physical address            Address:              U.S. Geological Survey              EROS Data Center            City: Sioux Falls            State_or_Province: SD            Postal_Code: 57198            Country: USA          Contact_Voice_Telephone: (605) 594 - 6551          Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: (605) 594 - 6933          Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (605) 594 - 6589          Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: CUSTSERV@EDCMAIL.CR.USGS.GOVSpatial_Data_Organization_Information:  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: raster  Raster_Object_Information:    Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell    Row_Count: 1046    Column_Count: 1218    Vertical_Count: 1Spatial_Reference_Information:  Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:    Planar:      Map_Projection:        Map_Projection_Name: Albers Conical Equal Area        Albers_Conical_Equal_Area:          Standard_Parallel: 29.5          Standard_Parallel: 45.5          Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -96.0          Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 23.0          False_Easting: 0          False_Northing: 0      Planar_Coordinate_Information:        Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column        Coordinate_Representation:          Abscissa_Resolution: 30.0          Ordinate_Resolution: 30.0        Planar_Distance_Units: meters    Geodetic_Model:      Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum 1983      Ellipsoid_Name: Geographic Reference System 80      Semi-major_Axis: 6378137      Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257Entity_and_Attribute_Information:  Overview_Description:    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:      NOTE - All classes may NOT be represented in a specific state data set.      The class number represents the digital value of the class in the data      set.      Water      11 Open Water      12 Perennial Ice/Snow      Developed      21 Low Intensity Residential      22 High Intensity Residential      23 Commercial/Industrial/Transportation      Barren      31 Bare Rock/Sand/Clay      32 Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits      33 Transitional      Vegetated; Natural Forested Upland      41 Deciduous Forest      42 Evergreen Forest      43 Mixed Forest      Shrubland      51 Shrubland      Non-natural Woody      61 Orchards/Vineyards/Other      Herbaceous Upland       71 Grasslands/Herbaceous      Herbaceous Planted/Cultivated      81 Pasture/Hay      82 Row Crops      83 Small Grains      84 Fallow      85 Urban/Recreational Grasses      Wetlands      91 Woody Wetlands      92 Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands      NLCD Land Cover Classification System Land Cover Class Definitions:      Water - All areas of open water or permanent ice/snow cover.      11. Open Water - areas of open water, generally with less      than 25 percent or greater cover of water (per pixel).      12. Perennial Ice/Snow  - All areas characterized by year-long      cover of ice and/or snow.       Developed - areas characterized by high percentage (approximately      30% or greater) of constructed materials (e.g. asphalt, concrete,      buildings, etc).      21. Low Intensity Residential - Includes areas with a mixture of      constructed materials and vegetation.  Constructed materials account      for 30-80 percent of the cover. Vegetation may account for 20 to 70      percent of the cover. These areas most commonly include single-family      housing units. Population densities will be lower than in high intensity      residential areas.      22. High Intensity Residential - Includes heavily built up urban      centers where people reside in high numbers. Examples include      apartment   complexes and row houses. Vegetation accounts for less      than 20 percent of the cover.  Constructed materials account for      80-100 percent of the cover.      23. Commercial/Industrial/Transportation - Includes infrastructure      (e.g. roads, railroads, etc.) and all highways and all developed areas      not classified as High Intensity Residential.      Barren - Areas characterized by bare rock, gravel, sad, silt, clay, or      other earthen material, with little or no "green" vegetation present       regardless of its inherent ability to support life. Vegetation, if      present, is more widely spaced and scrubby than that in the      "green"vegetated categories; lichen cover may be extensive.      31. Bare Rock/Sand/Clay - Perennially barren areas of bedrock, desert,      pavement, scarps, talus, slides, volcanic material, glacial debris, and      other accumulations of earthen material.      32. Quarries/Strip Mines/Gravel Pits - Areas of extractive mining      activities with significant surface expression.      33. Transitional - Areas of sparse vegetative cover (less than 25      percent that are dynamically changing from one land cover to      another, often because of land use activities.  Examples include      forest clearcuts, a transition phase between forest and agricultural land,      the temporary clearing of vegetation, and changes due to natural causes      (e.g. fire, flood, etc.)       Forested Upland - Areas characterized by tree cover (natural or      Semi-natural woody vegetation, generally greater than 6 meters tall);      Tree canopy accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover.        41. Deciduous Forest - Areas dominated by trees where 75 percent      or more of the tree species shed foliage simultaneously in response to      seasonal change.      42. Evergreen Forest -  Areas characterized by trees where 75 percent      or more of the tree species maintain their leaves all year.  Canopy is      never without green foliage.      43. Mixed Forest -  Areas dominated by trees where neither      deciduous nor evergreen species represent more than 75 percent      of the cover present.      Shrubland - Areas characterized by natural or semi-natural woody      vegetation with aerial stems, generally less than 6 meters tall      with individuals or clumps not touching to interlocking.  Both evergreen      and diciduous species of true shrubs, young trees, and trees or shrubs      that are small or stunted because of environmental conditions are      included.       51. Shrubland - Areas dominated by shrubs; shrub canopy accounts      for 25-100 percent of the cover. Shrub cover is generally greater      than 25 percent when tree cover is less than 25 percent. Shrub cover      may be less than 25 percent in cases when the cover of other life forms      (e.g. herbaceous or tree) is less than 25 percent and shrubs cover      exceeds the cover of the other life forms.      Non-natural Woody - Areas dominated by non-natural woody      vegetation; non-natural woody vegetative canopy accounts for      25-100 percent of the cover. The non-natural woody classification      is subject to the availability of sufficient ancillary data to      differentiate non-natural woody vegetation from  natural woody vegetation.      61. Orchards/Vineyards/Other - Orchards, vineyards, and other areas      planted or maintained for the production of fruits, nuts, berries, or      ornamentals.      Herbaceous Upland - Upland areas characterized by natural or      semi- natural herbaceous vegetation;  herbaceous vegetation      accounts for 75-100 percent of the cover.      71. Grasslands/Herbaceous - Areas dominated by upland grasses      and forbs.  In rare cases, herbaceous cover is less than 25 percent,      but exceeds the combined cover of the woody species present.      These areas are not subject to intensive management, but they are      often utilized for  grazing.       Planted/Cultivated - Areas characterized by herbaceous vegetation      That has been planted or is intensively managed for the production      of food, feed, or fiber; or is maintained in developed settings for      specific purposes. Herbaceous vegetation accounts for 75-100 percent      of the cover.      81. Pasture/Hay - Areas of grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures      planted for livestock grazing or the production of seed or hay crops.      82. Row Crops -  Areas used for the production of crops, such      as corn, soybeans, vegetables, tobacco, and cotton.      83. Small Grains -  Areas used for the production of graminoid      crops such as wheat, barley, oats, and rice      84. Fallow - Areas used for the production of crops that are      temporarily barren or with sparse  vegetative cover as a result of      being tilled in a management practice that incorporates prescribed      alternation between cropping and tillage.      85. Urban/Recreational Grasses - Vegetation (primarily grasses) planted      in developed settings for recreation, erosion control, or aesthetic      purposes. Examples include parks, lawns, golf courses, airport grasses,      and industrial site grasses.      Wetlands - Areas where the soil or substrate is periodically saturated      with or covered with water as defined by Cowardin et al.      91. Woody Wetlands - Areas where forest or shrubland vegetation      accounts for 25-100 percent of the cover and the soil or substrate      is periodically saturated with or covered with water.      92. Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands -  Areas where perennial      herbaceous vegetation accounts for 75-100 percent of the cover      and the soil or substrate is periodically saturated with or covered      with water.    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:      NCLD Regional Land Cover Classification System Key Rev. 07/99Distribution_Information:  Distributor:    Contact_Information:      Contact_Organization_Primary:        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center      Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative      Contact_Address:        Address_Type: mailing and physical address        Address: Sioux Falls        City: SD        State_or_Province: SD        Postal_Code: 57198        Country: USA      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605-594-6551      Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605-594-6933      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605-594-6589      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov  Resource_Description: Rhode Island Land Cover  Distribution_Liability:    Although these data have been processed successfully on    a computer system at the USGS, no warranty expressed or    implied is made by the USGS regarding the use of the data    on any other system, nor does the act of distribution    constitute any such warranty.  Standard_Order_Process:    Digital_Form:      Digital_Transfer_Information:        Format_Name: GeoTIFF        Format_Information_Content:          GeoTIFF is a standard for storing georeference and geocoding          information in a TIFF 6.0 compliant raster file (uncompressed).        Transfer_Size: 8.7 MB      Digital_Transfer_Option:        Offline_Option:          Offline_Media: Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM)          Recording_Format: ISO 9660    Fees:      Current prices for the GEOTIFF NLCD data sets on CD-ROM are      $32.00 + $5.00 for shipping.  Fees are subject to change.      Call 1-888-ASK-USGS for current prices.    Ordering_Instructions:      NLCD data may be obtained in the following ways:      1.  Contacting the nearest Digital Cartographic Data Business Partner      (GeoTIFF CD-ROM products only).  A list of the Business Partners      is available at: http://mapping.usgs.gov/www/partners/bpmain.html;      2.  Calling 1-888-ASK-USGS      3.  Ordering online via the USGS Global Land Information System at:      http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/Webglis/      Users of the Global Land Information System should search under the      Land Cover category.      4.  Visiting and ordering online through the NLCD availability page      at: http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/programs/lccp/mrlcreg.html  Technical_Prerequisites:    Geo-TIFF viewing software.  Some examples are ESRI's ARC/EXPLORER and    USGS's DLGV32.  The DLGV32 viewer is available free for download at    the MidContinent Mapping Center web site (http://mcmcweb.er.usgs.gov/).    Digital image processing software or geographic information system    software is required to analyze or otherwise manipulate the data.Metadata_Reference_Information:  Metadata_Date: 20000111  Metadata_Contact:    Contact_Information:      Contact_Organization_Primary:        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center      Contact_Position: Customer Services Representative      Contact_Address:        Address_Type: mailing and physical address        Address:          U.S. Geological Survey          EROS Data Center        City: Sioux Falls        State_or_Province: SD        Postal_Code: 57198        Country: USA      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 605-594-6551      Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 605-594-6933      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 605-594-6589      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: custserv@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov  Metadata_Standard_Name:    Federal Geographic Data Committee.  Content standard for digital    geospatial metadata (revised June 1998). Federal Geographic Data    Committee.  Washington, D.C.  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998